NARCONON
AND
SCIENTOLOGY

Introduction


1
What is
Narconon?


2
What is the
Narconon
therapy
programme?


3
What
recognition
has been
gained by
Narconon?


4
Is Narconon safe?


5
Is Narconon
controlled by
Scientology?


6
Narconon and
Scientology:
a comparison


7
The Narconon
Timeline


Source
documents


Back to Index

Source documents



General background documents


Medical evaluations of Narconon

  • Order #254 of the Ministry of Public Health and Medical Industry, Russian Federation
    19 June 1996

    An order from the Russian Government banning Scientology/Narconon's "purification" therapy.

  • Outline for recovery, House Evaluation ("Tennant Report")
    By Forrest S. Tennant, Jr., M.D., Dr.P.H., Jane Thomas, R.N., Mike Reilly, and Joseph Shannon, M.D., M.P.H. Submitted to Don Z. Miller, Deputy Director, Health Treatment System, State Department of Health, Sacramento, CA, on 31 Oct 1974.

    A detailed analysis of the way in which Narconon operated at the time. Although some things have since changed, it still provides a useful insight into Narconon's policies and operating practices.

  • Promotional leaflet issued by Narconon Chilocco, Oklahoma (1992)

  • Pro-Narconon medical literature:

    • D.W. Schnare, G. Denk, M. Shields, S. Brunton: Evaluation of a Detoxification Regimen for Fat Stored Xenobiotics, Medical Hypothesis, Vol.9, 1982.

      Summary: One hundred and three individuals undergoing detoxification with the Hubbard procedure volunteered to undergo additional physical and psychological tests concomitant with the program. Participants had been exposed to recreational (abused) and medical drugs, patent medicines, occupational and environmental chemicals. Patients with high blood pressure had a mean reduction of 30.8 mm systolic, 23.3 mm diastolic; cholesterol level mean reduction was 19.5 mg/ 100 ml, while triglycerides did not change. Completion of the detoxification program also resulted in improvements in psychological test scores, with a mean increase in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IQ of 6.7 points. Scores on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory profiles decreased on Scales (4-7) where high scores are associated with amoral and asocial personalities, psychopathic behavior and paranoia. Medical complications resulting from detoxification were rare, occurring in less than three percent of the subjects.

    • D.W. Schnare, M. Ben, M. Shields: Body Burden Reductions of PCBs, PBBs and Chlorinated Pesticide Residues in Human Subjects, Ambio, Vol.13, No.5-6, 1984.

      Summary: Prior to detoxification, adipose tissue concentrations were determined for seven individuals accidentally exposed to PBBs. The chemicals targeted for analysis included the major congeners of PBBs, PCBs and the residues of common chlorinated insecticides. Of the 16 organohalides examined, 13 were present in lower concentrations following detoxification. Seven of the 3 reductions were statistically significant; reductions ranged from 3.5 to 47.2 percent, with a mean reduction among the 16 chemicals of 21.3 percent (s.d. 17.1 percent). To determine whether reductions reflected movement to other body compartments or actual burden reduction, a post-treatment follow-up sample was taken four months later. Follow-up analysis showed a reduction in all 16 chemicals averaging 42.4 percent (s.d. 17.1 percent) and ranging from 10.1 to 65.9 percent. Ten of the 16 reductions were statistically significant.

    • Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients Presenting Subclinical Signs and Symptoms of Exposure to Chemicals Which Accumulate in Human Tissue, Proceedings of the National Conference on Hazardous Wastes and Environmental Emergencies, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1985.

      Summary: A discussion of some of the problems in attempting to diagnose and treat low-level body burdens of toxic chemicals. A review of 120 patients who were prescribed detoxification treatment as developed by Hubbard to eliminate fat-stored compounds showed improvement in 14 of 15 symptoms associated with several types of chemical exposures.

    • D.W. Schnare, P.C. Robinson: Reduction of the Human Body Burdens of Hexachlorobenzene and Polychlorinated Biphenyls, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Scientific Publications Series, Volume 77, 1986.

      Summary: Electrical workers paired by age, sex and potential for polychlorinated biphenyl exposure were divided into treatment and control groups. Adipose-tissue concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), four other pesticides and 10 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners were determined pre- and post-treatment, and three months post-treatment. At post-treatment, all 16 chemicals were found at lower concentrations in the adipose tissues of the treatment group, while 11 were found in higher concentrations in the control group. Adjusted for re-exposure as represented in the control group, HCB concentrations were reduced by 30 percent at post-treatment and 28 percent three months post-treatment. Mean reduction of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners was 61 percent at post-treatment and 14 percent three months post-treatment. These reductions are statistically significant (f< 0.001). Enhanced excretion appeared to keep pace with mobilization, as blood-serum levels in the treatment group did not increase during treatment.

    • Excretion of a Lipophilic Toxicant Through the Sebaceous Glands: A Case Report, Journal of Toxicology ­ Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1987.

      Summary: A 23-year-old woman worked at a manufacturing facility, hosing the soot and ash accumulated in the exhaust stack and on the filter pads of an oil-fired generator. She performed this task without protective gear. After six months, she reported feeling ill to the plant nurse. One month later, she was removed from the job, and she remained unable to work for 11½ months because of symptoms relating to toxic chemical exposure. The toxicants were amenable to removal through the sebaceous glands and possibly the gastrointestinal tract by the Hubbard detoxification technique. This was accompanied by remission of her subjective complaints and she was authorized to return to work.

    • Improvement in Perception of Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation Following Detoxification in Firefighters Exposed to PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs, Clinical Ecology, Vol. VI, No.2, 1989.

      Summary: Seventeen firefighters with a history of acute exposure to polychlorinated biphyenyls, dibenzofurans, and dibenzodioxins were evaluated for peripheral neuropathy. Neuropathic evaluation was done using the Neurometer®, a transcutaneous nerve stimulation device. Prior to detoxification, five of the 17 had abnormal current perception threshold measurements. Following treatment, all showed improvement. Most strikingly, the current perception thresholds of two patients returned to normal range after detoxification. This finding raises the possibility that damage heretofore thought to be permanent may in many instances be partially reversible.

    • Occupational, Environmental and Public Health in Semic: A Case Study of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Pollution, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Civil Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana, October, 1989.

      Summary: Eleven workers with readily observable symptoms of exposure to PCBs and other chemicals were chosen for detoxification from a group of 24 male volunteers from a factory using PCBs in the manufacture of capacitors. The remaining 13 served as a control group. Detoxification treatment reduced both the body burdens and the symptoms of treated workers while no such improvements occurred in the control group. This study, undertaken in cooperation with the University Medical Center of Ljubljana and the Institut für Toxikologie, University and Technical Faculty of Zurich, supports the use of health screening and detoxification for individuals affected by toxic exposures.

    • R.M.Wisner, M. Shields, D.L. Curtis, S.L.Beckman: Human Contamination and Detoxification: Medical Response to an Expanding Global Problem, Proceedings of the MAB UNESCO Task Force on Human Response to Environmental Stress, Moscow, 1989

      Summary: Individuals with a variety of workplace exposures were unable to work or had reduced work capacity. Following detoxification, each was able to return to work. Though the results presented are anecdotal, they confirm previous findings in the peer-reviewed literature (Schnare et al., 1982; Roehm, 1983; Schnare et al., 1984; Schnare and Robinson, 1985; Tretjak et al., 1989) and demonstrate that this approach can be effective in reducing body burdens of toxic compounds and returning individuals to the workplace.

    • K.H. Kilburn, R.H. Warsaw, M. Shields: Neurobehavioral Dysfunction in Firemen Exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Possible Improvement after Detoxification, Archives of Environmental Health, Vol.44, No. 6, 1989.

      Summary: Fourteen firemen were exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their by-products at the site of a transformer fire and explosion. Six months after the fire, they underwent neurophysiological and neuropsychological tests. They were re-studied six weeks after detoxification. A control group of firefighters was selected from firemen who resided in the same city but were not engaged in the fire in question. Initial testing showed that firemen exposed to PCBs had poorer neurobehavioral function than the control group. Significant reversibility of impairment was noted after detoxification.

    • Z. Tretjak, M. Shields, S.L. Beckman: PCB Reduction and Clinical Improvement by Detoxification: An Unexploited Approach?, Human and Experimental Toxicology, Vol.9, 1991.

      Summary: A female worker from a capacitor factory, with a history of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other lipophilic industrial chemicals, was admitted for treatment at the University Medical Centre of Ljubljana, Slovenia (then Yugoslavia). She presented with severe abdominal complaints, chloracne, liver abnormalities and a bluish-green nipple discharge of approximately 50 ml d' in quantity. High PCB levels were noted in adipose tissue (102 mg kg'), serum (512 ug/1'), skin lipids (66.3 mg kg'), and in the nipple discharge (712 ug 1'). After detoxification, PCB levels in adipose tissue were reduced to 37.4 mg kg' and in serum to 261 ug', respective reductions of 63 percent and 49 percent. Excretion of intact PCBs in serum, appreciable before treatment, was enhanced by up to five-fold during detoxification. The nipple discharge ceased early in the detoxification regimen.

    • Xenobiotic Reduction and Clinical Improvements in Capacitor Workers: A Feasible Method, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Vol. A25, No.7,1990.

      Summary: Eleven capacitor workers, occupationally exposed to PCBs and other industrial chemicals, underwent detoxification. Thirteen co-workers served as controls. Mean PCB levels prior to detoxification were 28.0 mg/kg in adipose and 188.0 µg/L in serum. Following detoxification, PCBs were reduced in serum by 42 percent (p<0.05) and in adipose by 30 percent for patients without concurrent disease. Patients with concurrent disease had a 10 percent reduction in adipose levels, while serum levels remained unchanged. Both adipose and serum PCB levels increased in members of the control group. At a four-month follow up examination, these differences were maintained, though the mean adipose PCB values in all groups were higher than at post-treatment. All patients reported marked improvement in clinical symptoms post-treatment, with most of these improvements retained at follow-up. No such improvements were noted in controls.

    • S.L. Beckman, M. Shields, R.M. Wisner: Treatment of Pesticide-Exposed Patients with the Hubbard Method of Detoxification, Presentation at the 120th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association, 1992.

      Summary: A review of the efficacy of detoxification in addressing the complaints of 155 patients who had experienced significant exposures to pesticides. Treatment effected reductions in chemical levels in adipose tissue, and a concomitant decrease in symptomatic complaints.

    • R.M. Wisner, D. Root, M.Shields, S.L. Beckman: Neurotoxicity and Toxic Body Burdens: Relationship and Treatment Potentials, Proceedings of the International Conference on Peripheral Nerve Toxicity, 1993.

      Summary: Many chemicals have neurotoxic health effects of long duration, leading to the conclusion that these effects are essentially irreversible. This paper proposes that the accumulation and persistence of neurotoxic chemicals in adipose tissue may play a role in the prolongation of neurotoxic effects. If this were the case, an approach designed to reduce body burdens of fat-soluble compounds should lead to a similar reduction in neurotoxic effects. Transcutaneous current perception thresholds were measured using the Neurometer® device in 48 patients exhibiting neurotoxic effects both before and after detoxification. Following detoxification, marked improvements were noted in both peripheral neuropathy and self-reported patient profiles.

    • Reduction of Drug Residues: Applications in Drug Rehabilitation, Presentation at the 123rd Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association, 1995

      Summary: Drug residues and their lipophilic metabolites are associated with persistent symptoms; their mobilization into blood correlates with drug cravings. The concentration of drug metabolites in both sweat and urine was measured in eight individuals who had been actively using drugs prior to detoxification. Cocaine, opiate, and benzodiazepan metabolites were detected by fluorescent immunoassay in both sweat and urine. Low levels (not indicative of use) continued to be eliminated for several weeks. In two cases, drug levels were below detection prior to treatment but became detectable during detoxification. A separate series of 249 clients with a history of drug abuse rated the severity of their symptoms before and after detoxification. Chief symptomatic complaints prior to detoxification included fatigue, irritability, depression, intolerance of stress, reduced attention span and decreased mental acuity. (These same symptoms were dominant in those who had ceased active drug abuse over a year prior to treatment.) Following detoxification, both past and current users reported marked improvements in symptoms, with most returning to normal range.

    • R.M. Wisner, M. Shields: Treatment of Children with the Detoxification Method Developed by Hubbard, Presentation at the 123rd Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association, 1995

      Summary: Eighteen children from ten families were referred for detoxification. Their chief complaints included environmental sensitivity, headaches, chronic fatigue, allergies, respiratory problems and recurrent infections. In each case, the entire family had become ill following a known change (e.g., application of pesticides, installation of improperly cured carpet) in their environment. The ages of the children ranged from neonatal to 15 at the time of exposure, with treatment ages ranging from 4 to 21. Treatment resulted in improvements in symptom profiles, with at least 89 percent of the children reporting long-term improvements in their symptoms.

    • Precipitation of Cocaine Metabolites in Sweat and Urine of Addicts Undergoing Sauna Bath Treatment Fifty-Seventh Annual Scientific Meeting, National Institute on Drug Abuse, College on Problems of Drug Dependency, 1995

      Summary: Four subjects (three males and one female) admitted to a residential treatment program were selected for study. All met DSM-III-R Criteria for cocaine dependence and ingested cocaine by smoking. The urationi of their use of the drug ranged fromeight months to 18 years, and they reported cocaine use on over 75 percent of days in the month just prior to treatment. Three reported last use of cocaine within 48 hours of admission; one reported last use 25 days prior to program entry. Urine and sweat samples were collected from subjects every two to three days during detoxification and analyzed by fluorescent immunoassay. Cocaine metabolites were detectable in both sweat and urine of all subjects. Three of the four subjects showed a measurable increase in sweat or urine cocaine metabolite concentrations at the beginning of detoxification. Two subjects demonstrated negative urine samples prior to detoxification, but demonstrated the presence of metabolites when detoxification commenced.

    • Reduction of the Radioisotope Cs-137 Using the Detoxification Method Developed by Hubbard, Presentation at the 124th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Associations, 1996.

      Summary: Fourteen children living in the plume path of the destroyed Chernobyl reactor underwent detoxification. Each was periodically measured using a portable radiation detection system capable of measuring the characteristic gamma ray emitted during the radioactive decay of Cs-137. (Five such measures were made over the course of approximately four weeks.) Elimination rates were compared to expected rates of elimination from published studies. Children uniformly eliminated Cs-137 more rapidly than expected, with the exception of two cases in which children were eating contaminated treats from home. (Rapid elimination of Cs-137 resumed when these items were eliminated from their diets.)


Scientology and Narconon

  • "Briefing - Purification Campaign - The Vital Role of PR"
    15 February 1982 - high res: 166K)

    An internal briefing document from Scientology's notorious and now-disbanded Guardian's Office outlining the Church's objective of using the Purification Rundown to "bridge masses of people into Scientology."

  • Closing Agreement On Final Determination Covering Specific Matters
    US Internal Revenue Service, 1 October 1993

    This controversial and (until 1997) secret document shows the Church of Scientology International accepting responsibility for the unpaid taxes of Narconon International (NN Int) - see especially section VIII.C.4, in which NN Int is described as a "Scientology-related entity".

  • Declaration of Lt Col Mark Jones, USMC (Rtd)
    10 February 1995

    An extraordinary description, by Narconon's first Director, of how the Church of Scientology allegedly exercised near-complete control of the supposedly independent group during his ten years in office.

  • "Commendation - Mark Jones"
    Church of Scientology of California, United States Guardian's Office, 18 August 1982
    (high res: 38K)

    Commendation issued by Scientology praising Lt Col Mark Jones, director of Narconon, for "greatly assisting in bringing about widespread acceptances of Scientology and overwhelming public popularity of the technology of L. Ron Hubbard"; a clear indication of Narconon's role in the "Purification Campaign" described in the 18 February briefing document listed above.

  • LRH ED 8 Int
    Church of Scientology of California, 2 June 1972
    (high res: 22.5K)

    An L. Ron Hubbard Executive Directive International - though originating from the office of L. Ron Hubbard, not from the man himself (it is unsigned) - awarding Lt Col Mark Jones a Scientology training level "for the excellent work he has done on the Narconon Programs" - another indication of links between Narconon and Scientology.

  • "SC [Social Coordination] general headings for data needing coding"
    (high res: 110K)

    Undated document seized by the FBI in 1977 ordering the use of codes for "anything that gives specific and actual evidence that Scientology is in legal control of B6 type groups," including Narconon.

  • Flag FSM Newsletter, vol. XIX, no. XVII (1992)

    Extract from a Scientology newsletter showing a Narconon group as an "International Top Ten [Scientology] FSM [Field Staff Member]".

  • "Narconon UK Non-Existence Program"
    Executive Directive from Narconon International, 23 May 1995

    Scans (39.3K) of the quotations used in the page "Is Narconon controlled by Scientology?". For copyright reasons, this 11-page document is not reproduced in its entirety.


Media reports on Narconon

Date Source and country Headline / Title
27 Apr 1989 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) Narconon-Chilocco Drug Treatment
Plant May Be Part Of Notorious Religious Cult
11 May 1989 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) State Boys Say Chilocco Is A Done Deal
18 May 1989 Daily Oklahoman (US) Planned Newkirk Drug Clinic May Be World's Biggest
8 June 1989 Daily Oklahoman (US) Renovation Underway At Chilocco Indian School
13 July 1989 Associated Press (US) "They Totally Misrepresented What They Are Doing"
27 July 1989 Newkirk Herald Journal (?) (US) Mayor Launches Narconon Inquiry ...
17 August 1989 Newkirk Herald Journal (?) (US) Commission, Chamber, School Board City Leaders Call For State Review ...
17 August 1989 Newkirk Herald Journal (?) (US) Scientific And Medical Accuracy Of Narconon Program Questioned
31 August 1989 Newkirk Herald Journal (?) (US) Narconon Researches Opposition: Scientology Group Hires Investigator, Buys Ad
31 August 1989 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) Open Letter To Kay County Residents About Narconon
7 September 1989 Associated Press Bellmon Advised Against Signing Narconon Support Document
14 September 1989 Daily Oklahoman (US) State Worker Linked To Narconon Promoter: Mental Health Staffer's Activities Probed
2 November 1989 Newkirk Herald Journal (?) (US) Poncans Question Legality Of Chilocco Lease Agreement

28 June 1990 Newkirk Herald Journal (?) (US) National Chilocco Alumni Association Unanimously Passes Resolution And Position Statement Opposing Narconon
5 July 1990 Newkirk Herald Journal (?) (US) Narconon Patient Says Center Treating Mostly Non-Indians
2 August 1990 Newkirk Herald Journal (?) (US) State Asks Court For Injunction To Halt Narconon Operation At Chilocco
13 September 1990 Daily Oklahoman (US) Judge Gives Narconon 30 Days To Comply With State Law

6 May 1991 Time (US) The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power
21 Oct 1991 Der Spiegel (Germany) What Germans think about their Narconon
14 Nov 1991 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) Harold's Journal - Editorial Opinion by R.W. Lobsinger
10 Dec 1991 Daily Oklahoman (US) Good Inspection Won't Ensure Narconon Permit
19 Dec 1991 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) State Mental Health Board Denies Narconon Certification Bid
19 Dec 1991 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) Harold's Journal - Editorial Opinion by R.W. Lobsinger
20 Dec 1991 Daily Oklahoman (US) Board Denies Certification For Narconon
26 Dec 1991 Daily Oklahoman (US) Freeman Gets Narconon Appeal

9 Jan 1992 Daily Oklahoman (US) Narconon Denied Request to
Accept Former Patient
16 Jan 1992 Daily Oklahoman (US) Narconon Files Appeal To Operate Center
23 Jan 1992 Daily Oklahoman (US) Board Reply Opposes Narconon
31 Jan 1992 Daily Oklahoman (US) Narconon Loses Bid To Stay
6 Feb 1992 Daily Oklahoman (US) Narconon Ordered To Move
Patients, End Treatments
14 Feb 1992 ABC News Nightline (US) A Conversation with David Miscavige
5 Mar 1992 Daily Oklahoman (US) Narconon Tries Defense On
Indian Sovereignty
12 Mar 1992 Daily Oklahoman (US) Narconon To Ignore BIA Order
To Close Chilocco Facility
12 Mar 1992 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) Harold's Journal - Editorial Opinion
by R.W. Lobsinger
2 Apr 1992 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) Harold's Journal - Editorial Opinion
by R.W. Lobsinger
9 Apr 1992 Daily Oklahoman (US) Narconon, Critics Spar as Hearing Nears
9 Apr 1992 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) Harold's Journal - Editorial Opinion
by R.W. Lobsinger
11 June 1992 Daily Oklahoman (US) Commission Ignores Narconon Request
For Newkirk Fire, Ambulance Protection
25 June 1992 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) Harold's Journal - Editorial Opinion
by R.W. Lobsinger
2 July 1992 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) Letters To The Editor
4 July 1992 Associated Press (US) Editor Risks Jail Rather Than
Pay Narconon Court Costs
9 July 1992 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) Letters To The Editor
9 July 1992 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) Harold's Journal - Editorial Opinion
by R.W. Lobsinger
16 July 1992 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) Harold's Journal - Editorial Opinion
by R.W. Lobsinger
20 Aug 1992 Daily Oklahoman (US) State Board OKs Exemption For Narconon
27 Oct 1992 Daily Oklahoman (US) Narconon Granted License From
State Health Agency
29 Oct 1992 Daily Oklahoman (US) Late Narconon Pay, Tie to Scientology Hit
12 Nov 1992 Newkirk Herald Journal (US) Harold's Journal - Editorial Opinion
by R.W. Lobsinger

25 Feb 1993 Daily Oklahoman (US) Narconon's State Taxes
Overdue; Warrant Filed
27 Feb 1993 Saturday Oklahoman & Times (US) Narconon Chilocco Pays Taxes
February 1993 The Oklahoma Publisher (US) Bob Lobsinger Wins Beachy Musselman
Award For Research Of Narconon
Facility Near Newkirk
6 Mar 1993 Oklahoman & Times (US) Narconon's Trash Service Halted
25 Mar 1993 Daily Oklahoman (US) Indian Leaders Want
Narconon Chilocco Audit

31 May 1994 The Independent (UK) Storm over cult's alcoholic patient

c. 28 Sep 1996 Berliner Dialog (Germany) About death of German Narconon
director - headline unknown

1 Mar 1997 Daily Mail (UK) Village has a £175,000 whip-round
to buy up property earmarked
for ex-junkies
1 Mar 1997 The Guardian (UK) Village unites to gazump Scientologists
1 Mar 1997 The Independent (UK) Drug clinic plan gazumped
by worried village

2 Feb 1998 Dagbladet (Norway) Sekt-alarm fra skolesjef
Vi er ikke scientologer
3 Mar 1998 Boston Herald (US) Scientology reaches into schools through Narconon
5 Apr 1998 TV4 News (Sweden) Report on TV segment about Narconon's false claim to be supported by the King & Queen of Sweden
6 Apr 1998 Aftonbladet (Sweden) The King and Queen used in propaganda film by religious cult
6 Apr 1998 Reuters (UK) Swedish Royals Deny Scientology Link after Video
7 Apr 1998 Berlin Kurier (Germany) Royal Couple Annoyed with Sect
7 Apr 1998 Helsingborgs Dagblad (Sweden) The Scientologists Gave A Forged Picture
7 Apr 1998 TV4 News (Sweden) Narconon intimidates critics into silence
8 Apr 1998 TV4 (Sweden) Talk show on Narconon's activities in Sweden
16 Apr 1998 Nordsjernan (Sweden) The King, Karin and Scientology
3 Oct 1998 The Mirror (Ireland) Cult Watchers Focus Sights on Drug Centre

------------------------------------------------------------

Back to start

Last updated 07 October 1998
by Chris Owen (chriso@lutefisk.demon.co.uk)